SAN JUAN DE LA CRUZ SPEAKS ENGLISH: essays

GLOSSARY OF CONNECTORS GROUPED IN CATEGORIES
Conjunctions	Adverbs
After: después de. Although / Though / Even though: aunque. And: y As: cuando, mientras (Time); como (Reason). As soon as: tan pronto como. As well as: así como; a la vez que (Addition). Because / Cause: porque Because of: por. Before: antes de (prep./conjuction) But: pero For: para (followed by a gerund) In case: por si acaso. In contrast to / Contrary to / Unlike: al contrario de; diferente a. In spite of / Despite: a pesar de Like: como. Owing to / due to: debido a. Since: ya que, puesto, que. So that l In order that: para que. Whereas / While: mientras que. To / In order to / So as to: para Until: hasta When: cuando Whenever: siempre que. Such as: tales como.	Actually / Indeed / In fact: en realidad; de hecho. Afterwards / Later / Next / Then: después; entonces. Also/ as well / too: también Anyway: en cualquier caso. As a result: como resultado; en consecuencia. Before: antes (adv.) Besides / Moreover / Furthermore / In addition: además. For example / For instance: por ejemplo. In brief / to sum up / in short: en resumen. In other words: en otras palabras In conclusion: concluyendo. So / Therefore / Thus: por lo tanto. However / Nevertheless / Though / Yet: sin embargo. Meanwhile: mientras; mientras tanto. On the one hand... on the other: por una parte .... por otra. In particular: en particular.

➢ Distinguishing between ADVERBS and CONJUNCTION:

• ADVERBS: They are separated from the previous sentence by “.” or “;” and followed by “ ,“.

“We knew you were coming; therefore, we arranged a party”

• CONJUNCTIONS: They join both sentences directly.

“We arranged a party because we knew you were coming”

- Sometimes, the conjunction connector can come at the beginning; then, we separate one sentence from the other with “ ,“.

“As we knew you were coming, we arranged a party”

- Some of these linking connective words can only be followed by a NOUN, a PHRASE or GERUND but never a sentence. In some cases, they are actually prepositions: due to, despite, etc.

Addition
Conjunctions	Adverbs
And + SENTENCE or PHRASE /As well as + PHRASE. “He’s very rich and/as well as competitive” “He’s very rich and he is verycompetitive”	Besides / Moreover / Furthermore / In addition. “He’s quite rich. Futhermore, he owns some of the most important firms in England” Also/ as well / too. “He’s very rich and he is very competitive, too.” (At the end of the sentence) “He’s very rich and he is very competitiveas well.” (At the end of the sentence) “He’s very rich and he is also very competitive.” (Next to the verb) “He’s very rich and also, he is very competitive.” (Before the sentence) “He’s very rich and he is very competitive, also.” (At the end. Less usual)
Contrast
Conjunctions	Adverbs
Although / Though / Even though. “Although it was very late, they din’t hurry” In spite of / Despite + NOUN /GERUND “Despite/In spite of being late, they didn’t hurry” Despite the fact (that) / In spite of the fact (that) + SENTENCE “Despite/In spite of the fact they were late, they didn’t hurry” But “They were late but they didn’t hurry” Whereas / While (A contrast between two ideas related to the same category) “Janet is very talkative whereas her sister is very introverted” In contrast to / Contrary to / Unlike + NOUN (Two entities and the same idea). “Unlike her sister, Janet is very talkative”	However / Nevertheless / Yet. They were very late. However, they didn’t hurry” though: at the end of a sentence, it means however in a more informal use. “They were very late. They didn’ hurry, though” On the one hand... on the other one/hand: they introduce two correlative different sentences. “On the one hand, the idea f the project was really interesting. On the other one,they told us there was not enough money to afford it”
Explanation
Conjunctions	Adverbs
Like / Such as + NOUN /GERUND “I like all sorts of music like/such as classical music, jazz, rock and techno”	For example / For instance /In other words / Actually / Indeed / In fact / In particular/Anyway. “I like all sorts of music; for instance, classical music, jazz, rock and techno” “I like music very much; actually, I like all sorts of music” “I like music very much. In particular, I like rock and jazz” “I like classical music, jazz, rock and techno. In other words, I like nearly all sorts of music ” “It is dangerous; anyway, I'll do it ”
Purpose
Conjunctions	Adverbs
To / In order to / So as to + INFINITIVE “ We went to London in order to have lunch in a good restaurant” So that / In order that + SENTENCE “We went to London in order that our guests could eat in a good restaurant” For + GERUND(Normally used to express the function of an object or gadget) / NOUN “A computer is used for saving information among other things” “We went to London for lunch / for a coffee” In case: PURPOSE + PROBABILITY “I’ll take some money in case we go to a restaurant”
Reason
Conjunctions	Adverbs
Because / Cause + SENTENCE “We didn’t go out because it was raining” As / Since + SENTENCE (Normally at the beginning of the whole sentence) “As it was raining, we didn’t go out” Because of /Owing to / Due to/ As a result of + NOUN “We didn’t go out because of the bad weather”
Result
Conjunctions	Adverbs
Writing and before the adverbs, we get them be used as conjunctions. “It was raining and as a result, we didn’t go out”	As a result / Consequently / So / Therefore/ Thus “It was raining; as a result, we didn’t go out”
Summary
Conjunctions	Adverbs
	As a conclusion / In conclusion / In brief / to sum up / in short. “She was always cring and comlaining. She never helped us with our tasks andshe never cared about our problems. In brief / In conclusion, she was a very selfish person.”
Time
Conjunctions	Adverbs
After /Before /Whereas / While /Until/When /Whenever /As /As soon as. “When / As soon as I had finished, I went out for a walk” “Whenever I phone Gary, he is out”. “As /While I was wathing TV, the telephone rang”	Meanwhile / Before “I was studying in my room; meanwhile, my friends were at the cinema because they didn’t have to do the exam. Before, we had had lunch together”
Time sequence
Conjunctions	Adverbs
	First (of all), secondly, thirdly.../ In the first place, in the second place... /Afterwards / Later / Next / Then “First, I had a coffee and read the newspaper. Secondly, I took some notes and checked my agenda and then, I went to class”